随着畜禽养殖业的规模化、集约化发展，畜禽粪便大量、集中产生，由于我国畜牧业与农业结合不紧密，且畜禽粪便中含过量重金属和抗生素，导致畜禽粪便的回田利用难度大。畜禽粪便经水热处理后制备生物燃料，可实现其能源化、无害化利用。以产量最大的猪粪为代表，总结了其组分及理化性质，讨论了传统处理方式的缺陷，对水热处理后猪粪残渣的产率、燃烧特性及脱水性能进行分析概述，最后探讨了水热残渣作生物燃料的发展前景。猪粪中含有半纤维素、纤维素、木质素、蛋白质及脂类等成分，且富含氮、磷、钾等植物生长所需的营养元素，合理处理后可实现资源化利用。好氧堆肥及厌氧发酵技术难以高效降解猪粪中的抗生素，且猪粪中高浓度的重金属也会对堆肥及发酵过程产生不利影响。水热处理是一种很极具前景的处理畜禽粪便等高含水率生物质的技术。通过水热处理可将猪粪转化为与褐煤相当的水热残渣及稀释后可用于灌溉的水热残液，且能有效固化重金属及降解抗生素。水热处理过程中有机物的降解和溶解使猪粪水热残渣的产率随水热温度升高呈下降趋势。在范式图中，猪粪水热残渣可达到褐煤区域，且其挥发分及高位热值也能达到褐煤水准。大量结合水在水热处理过程中被转化为自由水，改善了猪粪水热残渣的脱水及干燥性能。此外，碱金属在水热处理过程中易溶解进水热残液，降低了水热残渣燃烧时的结渣风险。水热处理可将重金属富集在水热残渣中，并降低其浸出率及生态毒性。猪粪水热残渣良好的燃烧特性及可研磨性使其具备与煤共燃的潜力，但需对煤粉炉进行适当改造并控制合理的过量空气系数等参数。猪粪与农林废弃物的共水热处理可降低水热残渣的灰分含量，提高固定碳含量及高位热值。畜禽粪便水热处理工艺的经济性问题是限制其工业化应用的主要原因，通过优化工艺设计等手段，有助于水热处理技术在畜禽粪便处理问题上的实际应用。

With large-scale and intensive development of livestock breeding industry,a large and concentrated amount of livestock manure is produced. Due to the lack of close integration between animal husbandry and agriculture in China,as well as the excessive content of heavy metals and antibiotics in livestock manure,it is difficult to return livestock manure to the field. The preparation of bio-fuel from livestock manure by hydrothermal treatment can achieve its energy and innocuous utilization. Represented by the largest production of swine manure,its components and physicochemical properties were summarized,and the shortcomings of traditional treatment methods were discussed. The yield,combustion characteristics,and dewatering characteristics of swine manure residue after hydrothermal treatment were analyzed and summarized. Finally,the development prospects of using hydrothermal residue as bio-fuel were discussed. Swine manure contains hemicellulose,cellulose,lignin,protein,lipid and other components,and is rich in nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and other nutrients required for plant growth. After reasonable treatment,it can be used as a resource. Aerobic composting and anaerobic fermentation techniques are difficult to efficiently degrade antibiotics in swine manure,and high concentrations of heavy metals in swine manure can also have adverse effects on the composting and fermentation process. Hydrothermal treatment is a promising technology for treating high moisture content biomass such as livestock manure. Swine manure can be converted into hydrothermal residue and hydrothermal residual liquid through hydrothermal treatment. The performance of hydrothermal residue is equivalent to that of lignite,and the hydrothermal residual liquid can be used for irrigation after appropriate dilution. In addition,hydrothermal treatment can effectively solidify heavy metals and degrade antibiotics. The degradation and dissolution of organic matter during hydrothermal treatment results in a decreasing trend in the yield of swine manure hydrothermal residue with increasing hydrothermal temperature. In the paradigm diagram,the hydrothermal residue of swine manure can reach the area of lignite,and its volatile matter and higher heating value can also reach the level of lignite. A large amount of bound water is converted into free water during the hydrothermal treatment process,improving the dewatering and drying characteristics of swine manure hydrothermal residue. In addition,alkali metals are easily dissolved into the hydrothermal residual liquid during hydrothermal treatment process,reducing the risk of slagging during the combustion of hydrothermal residue. Heavy metals are enriched in hydrothermal residue after hydrothermal treatment,and their leaching rate and ecological toxicity have been reduced. The excellent combustion characteristics and grindability of swine manure hydrothermal residue make it have the potential to co-combustion with coal,but it is necessary to modify the coal powder furnace appropriately and control reasonable parameters such as excess air coefficient. The co-hydrothermal treatment of swine manure with agricultural and forestry waste can reduce the ash content of the hydrothermal residue,increase the fixed carbon content and higher heating value. The economic issue of the hydrothermal treatment process for livestock manure is the main reason limiting its industrial application. By optimizing process design and other means,it is helpful for the practical application of hydrothermal treatment technology in the treatment of livestock manure.

0 引言

1 猪粪组分及理化性质

   1.1 猪粪组分

   1.2 猪粪理化性质

2 猪粪传统处理方式

   2.1 好氧堆肥技术

   2.2 厌氧发酵技术

3 水热处理技术

   3.1 水热残渣产率及性质

   3.2 水热残液性质及应用

4 水热残渣作生物燃料应用

   4.1 水热残渣与煤共燃

   4.2 共水热处理

   4.3 经济性分析

5 结语与展望