露天矿区生态修复面临着重建生态系统自维持力低、维持成本高，尤其是修复后“采矿痕迹”明显等问题，亟待协调好人工修复与自然恢复的关系，升级发展传统生态修复模式，促进露天矿区人与自然和谐共生。在长期的理论方法研究和应用实践经验总结基础上，① 提出了露天矿区近自然生态修复的必要性及其理论内涵与技术框架。近自然矿山生态修复是参照本地自然地貌、水文、土壤、植被、景观及其演变规律，使修复后的矿业斑块达到与周边自然生态系统近似的结构与功能状态，并与周边自然地貌、水系、景观相融合的修复模式，是对传统生态修复模式的升级，逼近“采矿无痕”是其追求的理想状态。② 近自然生态修复是露天矿生态化设计的重要构成，其技术环节主要包括，参照生态系统学习、近自然地貌重塑、水文衔接与调控、矿山活土层重构、植被重建与多样性重组等。参照生态系统学习为后续各个修复环节提供修复目标与参数。近自然地貌重塑是近自然生态修复的核心与基础，包括内排土场全生命周期近自然地貌重塑、外排土场近自然地貌重塑、邻近自然问题地貌协同重塑等。水文衔接与调控要解决河道沟道的优化布局、矿区上下游水系的衔接、以蓄代排径流调控等。矿山活土层重构包括矿山土物理结构重组、微生物和养分循环过程重构等内容；植被重建与多样性重组包括近自然的植物群落与多样性配置，以及近自然的植株空间布局等。③ 实践分析表明，露天矿近自然生态修复有助于减少土壤侵蚀，提高地貌稳定性，增强重建生态系统的自维持能力，有利于实现露天矿区“采矿无痕”，促进人与自然和谐共生。

Ecological restoration in open-pit mining areas faces some problems such as low self-sustaining capacity and high maintenance costs, especially obvious mining traces after restoration. It is urgent to coordinate the relationship between artificial restoration and natural restoration, upgrade and develop traditional ecological restoration models, and promote harmonious coexistence between humans and nature in open-pit mining areas. ① Based on long-term theoretical research and practical experience, this article proposes the necessity, theoretical connotation, and technical framework of near-natural ecological restoration in open-pit mining areas. Near-natural mining ecological restoration is a restoration model that refers to the local natural landforms, hydrology, soil, vegetation, landscape and their evolution laws, so that the repaired mining patches reach a structural and functional state similar to the surrounding natural ecosystem, and integrate with the surrounding natural landforms, water systems, and landscape. It is an upgrade to the traditional ecological restoration model, approaching the ideal state of “mining without trace”. ② Near-natural ecological restoration is an important component of ecological design in open-pit mines, and its technical aspects mainly include learning from ecosystems, reshaping near-natural landforms, hydrological connection and regulation, reconstruction of active soil layers, vegetation reconstruction and diversity recombination, etc. Ecosystem learning can provide restoration objectives and parameters for subsequent restoration processes. The reshaping of near-natural landforms is the core and foundation of near-natural ecological restoration, including the reshaping of near-natural landforms throughout the entire life cycle of the inner dumping site, the reshaping of near-natural landforms of the outer dumping site, and the collaborative reshaping of adjacent natural problem landforms. The hydrological connection and regulation need to solve the optimization layout of river channels, the connection of upstream and downstream water systems in mining areas, and the regulation of using storage to replace runoff. The reconstruction of active soil layers in mines includes the physical structure reorganization of mining soil, the reconstruction of microbial and nutrient cycling processes, and other related contents. Vegetation reconstruction and diversity recombination include near-natural plant communities and diversity configuration, as well as near-natural plant spatial layout. ③ Practical analysis shows that the near-natural ecological restoration of open-pit mines helps to reduce soil erosion, improve geomorphic stability, enhance the self-sustaining ability of the reconstructed ecosystem, promote seamless mining in open-pit mining areas, and harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.