我国油气需求缺口大、供给制约多、煤炭绿色低碳转型任务艰巨，富油煤作为集煤、油、气属性于一体的煤炭资源，具有立足国内增加油气供给的巨大潜力。

富油煤原位热解技术已在陕西榆林成功实施工程试验，目前仍处于探索阶段。其具备两大战略价值：一是弥补我国油气需求缺口，提高油气自主保障能力；二是变革煤炭开采技术，推动煤炭产业绿色、低碳转型发展。富油煤原位热解包括钻孔式和矿井式两种实践途径，目标是持续高效提取煤中油气资源，主要面临热解选区、加热技术与高效传热传质等难题。

“四性”是原位热解技术研发的关键，包括地质条件适宜性、加热技术匹配性、传热传质有效性和热解安全稳定性。主要内容为：(1) 从富油煤资源条件、地层封闭条件、水文地质条件和构造条件等方面阐明适宜富油煤原位热解的地质基础，揭示热辐射范围内围岩封闭动态稳定性的约束条件，为原位热解选址和工程设计提供地质依据。(2) 深刻认识富油煤在温度、应力约束下的热物理性质演化行为，基于地质−工程条件论证原位加热技术适宜性，并针对煤层低导热特性开展高效加热工艺设计，通过风、光、电多种供能方式互补实现供热能源经济性。(3) 地应力、大尺度煤体、焦油高黏度是制约原位热解油气运移、产出的主要因素，煤层致裂、载热介质优化与温压调控、焦油降黏轻质化是改善煤层传热传质性能和提高热解油气可产出性的潜在方法。(4) 原位热解持续稳定运行依赖于全过程监测与动态预警，需要监测手段立体化、地质信息反演精准化、多相多场环境模型化、突变阈值预测预警等技术予以支撑。进一步探索与地质条件相匹配的富油煤原位持续高效热解关键技术，破解煤炭资源开发与地质环境之间的制约矛盾，是推动富油煤原位热解技术深入发展的关键。

Given China's significant demand shortfall of oil and gas, numerous constraints on oil and gas supply, an arduous task of green and low-carbon energy transition of coals, tar-rich coals, a type of coal resource integrating the properties of coal, oil, and gas, have great potential for increasing the oil and gas supply of the country.

Despite the successful engineering test conducted in Yulin, Shaanxi Province, in-situ pyrolysis of tar-rich coals remains in its exploratory stage. This technology holds great strategic value in two aspects: (1) It enables reduced demand shortfall of oil and gas in China to enhance the country's ability to independently guarantee oil and gas supply. (2) It allows for reforms of coal mining technologies to promote the green, low-carbon coal energy transition and development of the coal industry. The in-situ pyrolysis of tar-rich coals is primarily achieved using boreholes and mines, aiming to extract oil and gas from coals in a sustainable and efficient manner. This technology principally faces challenges in siting, heating technology, and efficient heat and mass transfer.

The key to the research and development of in-situ pyrolysis involves the suitability of geological conditions, the matching of heating technology, the effectiveness of heat and mass transfer, and the safety and stability of pyrolysis, which are detailed as follows: (1) It is necessary to elucidate the geological foundation suitable for the in-situ pyrolysis of tar-rich coals and reveal the constraints on the dynamic sealing stability of surrounding rocks within the thermal radiation range from the perspective of the resource conditions of tar-rich coals, stratigraphic sealing performance, hydrogeological conditions, and structural conditions. The purpose is to provide a geological basis for the siting and engineering design of in-situ pyrolysis. (2) It is necessary to thoroughly understand the evolutionary behavior of the thermophysical properties of tar-rich coals under temperature and stress constraints, demonstrate the suitability of in-situ heating technology based on geological and engineering conditions, design efficient heating processes tailored to the poor thermal conductivity of coal seams, and achieve an economical energy supply for heating via mutual complementation of multiple energy sources such as wind, light, and electricity. (3) Major factors restricting the transport and production of oil and gas from in-situ pyrolysis include in-situ stress, large-scale coals, and high tar viscosity. Correspondingly, potential methods for enhancing the heat and mass transfer of coal seams and improving the producibility of oil and gas through pyrolysis encompass coal seam fracturing, the optimization of heat-carrying media combined with temperature and pressure control, and tar viscosity reduction for lightweight. (4) The sustained and stable operation of in-situ pyrolysis relies on the whole-process monitoring and dynamic early warning, requiring support from comprehensive monitoring means, precise inversion of geological information, modeling of multiphase and multifield environments, and prediction and early warning of thresholds for abrupt changes. To advance the development of in-situ pyrolysis of tar-rich coals, the key is to further explore vital technologies for sustained and efficient pyrolysis of tar-rich coals tailored to geological conditions in order to resolve the contradiction between coal resource exploitation and geological environments.