我国能源资源禀赋是缺油少气富煤，煤炭地下气化(UCG)技术产业化是我国低碳高效煤炭能源结构发展转型的一个重要途径，有助于充分利用煤炭资源助力碳达峰碳中和(“双碳”)目标顺利实现。系统查阅并梳理文献资料，回顾了苏联UCG现场试验与产业发展历史，目的是为我国当前UCG技术发展和产业化进程提供借鉴。研究显示，苏联UCG技术发展和产业化过程前后经历了上百年历史，作为全球UCG技术发明者和唯一实现商业化生产国家，给世界留下了珍贵的原创性UCG工艺技术遗产。苏联首次提出UCG构想和第一个UCG炉体结构草案，为全球UCG技术发展做出了奠基性贡献。发明了气流法、直井火力贯通、煤层水平井长通道等技术，首创矿井式－钻井式联合UCG工艺和注氧/注蒸气UCG工艺，对不同地质条件煤层开展了不同气化工艺的现场试验，创造了单个UCG场站连续商业化生产50年以上的历史记录，证明了UCG技术商业应用可行性及其战略价值。将UCG产业化上升到国家战略层面，UCG技术研发放在优先地位，高度重视“政−产−学−研−用”协同推进，这是苏联UCG商业化生产取得成功的重要原因。鉴往知来，UCG产业化作为弥补我国天然气自给能力不足及实现“双碳”目标的潜在技术途径，需要政府从国家战略层面予以强力推动，UCG科学技术创新在国家科技计划体系中应占有更为重要的地位，构建UCG专业技术人才培养体系则是实现UCG战略目标的首要基础。其中，苏联围绕煤层增渗和气化控制两大核心开展UCG技术研发的思路值得借鉴，但构建有效气化通道以提高煤炭气化采收率仍是当前UCG技术发展的主要方向之一。

China's energy resources are originally poor in oil and gas but rich in coal. The industrialization of underground coal gasification (UCG) technologies, which is an important way of achieving a low-carbon and efficient coal energy structure in China, contributes to the smooth achievement of the peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality in China. This study reviews the history of the field tests and industrialization of UCG technologies in the Soviet Union by systematically referencing and sorting literature, aiming to provide a reference for the present development and industrialization of UCG technologies in China. The results show that the development and industrialization of UCG technologies in the Soviet Union lasted for over a hundred years. As the global inventor of UCG technologies and the only country that achieved commercial UCG production, the Soviet Union left a precious and original heritage of UCG processes and technologies to the world. This country first proposed the concept of UCG and the first draft of the UCG gasifier structure, making fundamental contributions to the development of global UCG technologies. Furthermore, the Soviet Union invented technologies like the gas flow method, vertical-well thermal penetration, and horizontal-well long channels in coal seams and initiated the joint mine-drilling UCG process and the oxygen/steam injection UCG process. It also conducted field tests of different gasification processes of coal seams with different geological conditions and set a historical record of more than 50 years of continuous commercial production of a single UCG station, demonstrating the feasibility and strategic value of the commercial application of UCG technologies. Commercial UCG production in the Soviet Union was achieved primarily by raising UCG industrialization to the national strategic level, making the R & D (research and development) of UCG technologies a priority, and attaching great importance to the coordinated promotion of government, industry, universities, research, and applications. By referencing previous experience, UCG industrialization, as a potential technological approach to counteract the insufficient self-supply of natural gas in China and achieve the peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality of the country, should be vigorously promoted from the national strategic level. Moreover, the scientific and technological UCG innovation should hold a more important position in the national science and technology planning system, and the construction of the UCG training system for professional technical personnel is the primary foundation for achieving the UCG strategic objectives. In addition, the Soviet Union’s ideas of conducting the UCG technology R&D focusing on two cores—the enhancement of coal seam permeability and gasification control—should be used as a reference. However, improving the gasification and energy recovery of coals by constructing effective gasification channels is still a primary development direction of UCG technologies presently.