随着我国煤矿逐步向深部开采转移，冲击地压灾害日趋严重。在冲击地压从机理认知走向防冲工程进程中，首要的任务是厘清冲击地压孕灾主控因素，并进行风险程度判识。在上百个冲击地压矿井致灾评价分析基础上，提出了导致冲击地压发生的4类客观主控因素：煤岩冲击倾向性、开采深度、坚硬顶板、地质构造，以及3类人为主控因素：煤柱、采空区及采掘卸荷，并对各主控因素对冲击地压孕灾的力学机制进行了分析讨论。在客观主控因素方面，煤岩冲击倾向性是煤岩积聚变形能进而诱发冲击破坏的自身属性；开采深度与巷道围岩内积聚的变形能呈正相关关系，是冲击地压发生的必要条件；坚硬顶板大尺度周期断裂形成的冲击动载及动能是诱发冲击地压的“导火索”；地质构造对冲击地压的影响显著，对于断层构造而言，断层两盘将在开采扰动造成的突发卸荷影响下产生相对“回弹”；煤层变薄区等效弹性模量变大，超前支承压力呈“双峰值”分布，使得冲击影响范围扩大。在人为主控因素方面，煤柱作为高应力集中区，其尺寸、倾角及相对位置等将直接影响冲击地压发生的概率和强度；采空区会诱发超前支承压力集中区内围岩积聚弹性能的突然释放，尤其是在采高较大、顶板垮落不充分的情况下；采掘卸荷会导致应力集中区快速“迁移”，引发煤体内弹性应变能的大量释放，是造成冲击地压的重要外因条件。在此基础上，对山东新汶、山东鲁西、内蒙古鄂尔多斯、陕西彬长、新疆和甘肃等矿区冲击地压孕灾主控因素差异性，进行了对比分析，强调按层次对矿井、采区和工作面进行冲击地压主控因素及其影响程度判识重要性，构建了从降能、释能、阻能到抗能的冲击地压治理工程路径。

With the gradual transfer of shallow coal mining to deep coal mining in China, the rock burst disasters are becoming an increasingly serious problem. In the process of rock burst mechanism cognition to rock burst prevention engineering, the primary task is to clarify the main factors of rock burst and to identify its risk level. In this paper, four kinds of objective factors i.e., coal rock impact tendency, mining depth, hard roof and geological structure, and three kinds of human factors i.e., coal pillar, goaf and mining unloading effect, were proposed. And the disaster evolution mechanism of each factor was discussed in detail. In terms of objective controlling factors, the impact tendency is the inherent attribute of coal/rock to accumulate deformation energy and induce impact failure. The mining depth is positively correlated with the deformation energy accumulated in the surrounding rock of the roadway, which is an essential condition for the occurrence of rock burst. The impact dynamic load and kinetic energy formed by large-scale hard roof periodic fracture are the 'fuse' to rock burst. The influence of geological structure on rock burst is significant. For fault structure, the two walls will relatively ‘rebound’ under the sudden unloading caused by mining disturbance. And the equivalent elastic modulus of the thinning area of the coal seam becomes larger, and the advanced abutment pressure is distributed in a 'double peak' pattern, which expands the impact influence range. In terms of subjective controlling factors, coal pillar is a high stress concentration area, and its size, dip angle and relative position will directly affect the probability and strength of rock burst. The goaf will induce a sudden release of energy accumulated in the stress concentration area, especially under large mining height and insufficient roof collapse conditions. Mining unloading will lead to the rapid “migration” of the stress concentration area and release a large amount of energy stored in the coal/rock, which is an important external inducement of rock burst. On this basis, the differences of main control factors of rock burst disaster in the main rock burst mining area, such as Xinwen, Luxi, Erdos, Binchang, Xinjiang and Gansu were compared and analyzed. The study emphasized the importance of identifying the main control factors and their influence degree of rock burst from an entire mine, a panel to a working face. Also, it constructed the engineering management path of rock burst from energy-reducing, energy-releasing, energy-damping to energy-resisting.