煤炭开采改变了覆岩边界条件，引起围岩应力重新分布和覆岩变形、运动、破断，造成覆岩损伤自下而上传导，引起含水层、地表附属物、矿区生态系统等损伤。现代开采在保障经济社会发展能源需求同时，也对矿区地下水资源、生态环境和建/构筑设施造成较大损伤。为解决规模化煤炭开采与矿区生态协调的问题，在系统分析国内外减损开采理论与技术以及长期实践基础上，根据“源头减损”理念和“采前源头损伤控制、采中优化减损、采后生态要素系统修复”的开采全过程减损思路，提出了以“基于开采工艺参数优化的源头减损、硬岩采前预裂−软岩注浆改性与采后导水裂隙封堵控水、采中覆岩承载结构稳定性维持减损”的采前、采中、采后3类4项技术为主导的开采全过程减损技术措施，创建了井工煤矿减损开采理论与技术体系，明确了减损开采研究的重点和方向。在开采损伤监测方面，由于监测技术时空差异大，难以实现地表变形与裂缝的同时空监测和地表生态环境多要素一体化同步监测，仍需针对性地提出煤矿井工开采损伤多源监测异步数据的同时空校正与处理方法。在损伤传导理论方面，基于覆岩损伤传导理论，从能量出发提出了采动损伤场模型，并结合岩层软硬组合、岩土层介质的差异，提出了涵盖“覆岩−含水层−地表−生态”多因素指标的煤炭井工开采覆岩损伤场量统一与跨界面传导理论。神东矿区上湾矿12401工作面采用采前开采参数优化，采中垮落带注浆等减损技术，地表最大沉降值相对减小25%，地表裂缝由台阶型裂缝调控为动态小裂缝；此外，神东矿区自2010年实施减损开采技术以来，植被覆盖度由原来平均31%上升到74.1%。

The coal mining changes the overburden boundary conditions and causes the redistribution of the in-situ stress and the deformation, movement, fracture of overburden rock. The damage conducts from the bottom to top in overburden and causes the damage of aquifers, surface appurtenances, and mining area ecosystem. Besides, while the modern mining ensures the energy demand of social development, it also causes great damage to groundwater , ecological environment and construction/construction facilities in mining areas. In order to solve the problem of large-scale coal mining damage and the safe coordination of protected objects in the mining area, based on the systematic analysis of the damage reduction mining theory and technology and long-term practice worldwide, according to the concept of “source damage reduction” and “pre-mining source control, mining optimization reduction and post-mining collaborative repair” for the entire mining process reduction, a pre-mining, mid-mining, post-mining reduction technology is proposed as the main measures for reducing mining damage throughout the entire mining process, which includes the three types and four technologies: “source reduction technology based on mining process parameter optimization, hard rock pre-fracturing-soft rock grouting modification and postmining water conduction fracture sealing and water control technology, as well as maintaining the stability of the overburden bearing structure during mining”. And the theoretical and technical system for reducing mining damage in underground coal mines has been constructed, and the focus and direction of research on reducing mining damage has also been clarified. In terms of mining damage monitoring, due to the significant spatiotemporal differences in monitoring technology, it is difficult to achieve a synchronous monitoring of surface deformation and cracks in the same space-time, as well as an integrated monitoring of multiple elements of the surface ecological environment. Therefore, it is still necessary to propose the targeted methods for correcting and processing asynchronous data from the multi-source monitoring of coal mining induced damage. In terms of damage conduction theory, based on the theory of overburden damage conduction, a mining damage field model is proposed from the perspective of energy indicators. Combined with the differences in the combination of soft-hard rock layers and the media of rock-soil layers, a unified damage field quantity and cross interface conduction theory for the multiple factor indicators of “overburden-aquifer-surface-ecology” is proposed. The 12401 longwall face of the Shangwan coalmine has adopted the measures of pre-mining parameter optimization and grouting in the caving zone during mining, the maximum surface settlement amount has been relatively reduced by 25%, and the surface cracks have been adjusted from step-like cracks to dynamic small cracks. In addition, since the technical implementation at the Shendong mining area in 2010, the vegetation coverage has increased from an average of 31% to a maximum of 74.1%.