我国能源结构特点为富煤、贫油、少气，煤化工行业发展充满机遇和挑战。煤气化技术是现代煤化工的前端支柱，是实现煤炭清洁、高效、绿色、低碳利用的有效途径，具有重要的国家战略意义。煤气化技术规模化应用产生的大量固体废弃物（煤气化渣）的处置，是煤化工基地当前迫切需要解决的问题。分别从国内具代表性煤化工基地的气化灰渣粒度组成、矿物构成、微观形貌、表面性质和持水特性等理化性质入手，对比分析不同炉型、产地、气化工艺等条件下的灰渣特点。灰渣物性特点的差异化与气化工艺、炉型、煤种等因素均相关。灰渣主要组分为硅铝矿物等，其中粗渣粒度普遍偏大；细渣残炭质量分数一般在20%左右，且其表面含氧官能团丰富。此外，细渣因其孔隙率高，含水率较高。基于气化灰渣理化性质，系统归纳了目前报道的气化灰渣提质方法，提出炭-灰分离是实现气化灰渣减量化与资源化利用的重要前提。从高效回收微细粒矿物角度考虑，浮选是最合适的炭-灰分离方法，但由于残炭发达的孔隙结构与含氧亲水性基团的存在导致可浮性差，目前生产成本较高；从降低生产成本、提高处理量角度考虑，重力分选方法是首选，但存在分选下限高的问题；而磁力分选则对铁磁性矿物含量高的灰渣更具有针对性，不具有普遍适用性。综上分选分离方法特点，研制规模化分选设备、研发新型高效浮选药剂与浮选方法及开发高效低耗的气化灰渣分级分选的联合分选工艺是后续炭-灰分离领域的研究重点。此外，系统总结了气化灰渣资源化利用研究进展。建工建材等应用领域可实现气化灰渣的规模化消纳，是提高固废综合利用率的首要利用方向，但需进一步研究气化灰渣干燥脱水、重金属析出等后续问题；生态修复、锅炉掺烧、碳材料制备、吸附/催化剂制备等领域可实现气化灰渣的高值化利用，亦应充分考虑市场容量问题。以下游市场为导向，综合考虑技术现状、成本核算、市场消纳等因素，结合高效分离与分质利用理念，是实现气化灰渣资源化利用的有效途径，保证企业效益和环保效益，同时也是实现煤化工产业高端化、多元化、低碳化发展的重要补充。

In China, the energy structure is characterized by rich coal, poor oil and less gas, and the development of coal chemical industry is full of opportunities and challenges. Coal gasification technology is the front-end process of modern coal chemical industry. It is an effective way to realize clean, efficient, green and low-carbon utilization of coal, and has important national strategic significance. However, the disposal of a large amount of solid waste (coal gasification slag) produced by the large-scale application of coal gasification technology is a pain point that coal chemical bases urgently need to solve. Starting from the particle size composition, mineral composition, micro morphology, surface properties, water holding properties and other physical and chemical properties of gasification ash of representative coal chemical industry bases in China, the characteristics of ash under different furnace types, different places of origin, different gasification processes and other conditions were compared, analyzed and summarized. The difference of physical properties of ash and slag is related to gasification process, furnace type, coal type and other factors. The main components of ash are silicon and aluminum minerals. The particle size of coarse slag is generally too large. The residual carbon content of fine slag is generally about 20%, and its surface is rich in oxygen-containing functional groups. In addition, the water content of fine slag is high due to its high porosity. Based on the physical and chemical properties of gasification ash, the reported methods for improving the quality of gasification slag were systematically summarized. It is proposed that carbon-ash separation is an important prerequisite for realizing the reduction and resource utilization of gasification slag. From the perspective of efficient recovery of micro fine minerals, flotation is the most suitable carbon-ash separation method. However, due to the developed pore structure of carbon residue and the existence of oxygen-containing hydrophilic groups, the floatability is poor, and the current production cost is high. From the point of reducing production cost and increasing treatment capacity, gravity separation method is the first choice, but there is a problem of higher separation size limit. Magnetic separation is more targeted for ash with high content of ferromagnetic minerals and is not generally applicable. Based on the characteristics of the above separation methods, the development of large-scale separation equipment, new high-efficiency flotation reagents and flotation methods, and high efficiency and low consumption combined separation process of gasification slag are the research focus in the  follow-up field of carbon-ash separation. In addition, the research progress of resource utilization of gasification ash was systematically summarized.  Application fields such as building materials can realize the large-scale consumption of gasified slag, which is the primary utilization direction to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of solid waste. It is necessary to further study the follow-up problems such as drying and dehydration of gasified slag and precipitation of heavy metals. In the fields of ecological restoration, boiler mixed combustion, carbon material preparation, adsorption/catalyst preparation, etc., the high-value utilization of gasification slag can be realized, and the market capacity should also be fully considered. Taking the downstream market as the guide, comprehensively considering the technical status, cost accounting, market consumption and other factors, and combined with the concept of efficient separation and quality utilization, it is an effective way to realize the resource utilization of gasification slag, where the enterprise benefits and environmental protection benefits can be achieved. At the same time, it is also an important supplement to realize the high-end, diversified and low-carbon development of coal chemical industry.

0 引言

1 气化渣特性分析

   1.1 粒度组成

   1.2 矿物组成及残炭含量

   1.3 红外光谱分析

   1.4 微观形貌及反应活性

   1.5 气化渣持水特性

2 气化渣炭-灰分离技术研究进展

   2.1 重力分选

   2.2 磁力分选

   2.3 浮选

3 气化渣资源化利用研究进展

   3.1 建工建材

   3.2 生态修复

   3.3 高值化利用

4 结语与展望